A Nagaland University-led study using GIS to map environmental degradation in Kohima Comprehensive geospatial analysis revealed rapid land-use change, climate shifts & seismic vulnerability, offering critical insights for sustainable development & environmental management in the North East Hill Region
Researchers from Nagaland University and PNG Government PG College Ramnagar, Nainital, had used advanced Geographic Information System (GIS) modelling and remote sensing techniques to investigate environmental change and degradation in Kohima district, providing important scientific insights into the fragile geo-ecological conditions of India’s North East Hill (NEH) region.
The researchers hope the findings will contribute to improved environmental monitoring, climate resilience planning and sustainable development in the North East Hill region and the broader Indian Himalayan landscape.
A video byte of Prof. MS Rawat, Nagaland University, explaining the research can be viewed and downloaded from the following link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1tSKPEJ9533wA03N5tpmgkQ_s842pZebn/view
The research addressed growing concerns about environmental degradation in the Himalayan and North East Hill regions caused by both natural processes and human activities. These include rapid urbanization, deforestation, shifting cultivation practices, and climate change, which together contribute to increasing risks such as landslides, floods, droughts and extreme weather events.
Highlighting the university’s continued commitment to study issues of great importance to the North East region, Prof. Jagadish K. Patnaik, Vice-Chancellor, Nagaland University, said, “Nagaland University has undertaken a significant research initiative using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to map environmental degradation in Kohima. The study presents a comprehensive geospatial analysis highlighting rapid land-use changes, emerging climate trends, and seismic vulnerability in the region. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, planners, and stakeholders, contributing to informed decision-making for sustainable development and effective environmental management in the North East Hill Region.”
The findings were published during December 2023 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12055-2), a peer-reviewed journal that publishes research on monitoring, assessment, and management of environmental quality, brought out by the prestigious Springer Nature.
The paper is co-authored by Dr. Khrieketouno Belho and Prof. M. S. Rawat from the Department of Geography, School of Sciences, Nagaland University, along with Dr. Pradeep Kumar Rawat from the Uttarakhand Open University Study Centre. The research was supported by Nagaland University through a Non-NET Fellowship awarded to Dr. Khrieketouno Belho and by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India.
Elaborating on the research significance even now in 2026, Prof. M.S. Rawat, Department of Geography, Nagaland University, said, “Geo-environmentally and anthropogenically, the region is highly fragile due to continuous seismotectonic activities, landslides, slope failures, fragmented unstable geology, geomorphology and steep rugged topography as well as very high frequency of natural hazards and disasters. The region is passing through alarming and threatening conditions due to a high rate of land use degradation which is accelerating other associated global environmental problems such as climate change and its adverse impacts. It is therefore, essential to mitigate the current environmental change and degradation. If necessary, measures are not taken as soon as possible, it may lead to severe subsequent impacts. This study contributes a holistic approach to tackling such kind of environmental issues.”
Highlighting the steps needed to be taken up now to arrest the environmental degradation, Prof. M. S. Rawat stated that it is the need of the hour to adopt the most effective and reliable geospatial technology and action-oriented management strategy so that the risk of environmental degradation could be mitigated.
Using an integrated GIS database modelling system, the researchers analysed environmental change through three major modules—Geodiversity Informatics, Land Use Informatics and Climate Informatics. This approach allowed the team to examine multiple interconnected environmental parameters, including geological structures, land-use patterns, vegetation cover, rainfall, temperature and ecological habitats.
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Rawat from the Uttarakhand Open University Study Centre stated that the study found that Kohima district is undergoing rapid environmental transformation. Natural landscapes such as forests, scrublands and water bodies had declined from 93.93 per cent to 81.86 per cent over the past two decades, while built-up areas, agricultural land and wasteland increased steadily due to expanding human activity. The study also documented a rise in average temperatures at a rate of about 0.13°C per year, along with declining annual rainfall and fewer rainy days.”
Further, Dr. Khrieketouno Belho, Department of Geography, School of Sciences, Nagaland University said that Geoenvironmentally, the North East Hill Region is highly vulnerable to monsoon hazards. The Socio-economic and demographic set up is also highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The study constitutes an important and internationally significant contribution to the understanding of the geoenvironmental and ecological problems caused by the geoecological, anthropogenic and climate change pressures in the region.
In addition, the study highlighted the region’s geological fragility. Analysis of earthquake records from 1982 to 2022 revealed that more than 1,100 seismic events occurred in Kohima district, averaging around 27 micro earthquakes per year with less than 4 to 2 magnitudes. Most of these were linked to tectonic faults and geological lineaments that contribute to landscape instability, erosion and landslides.
According to the researchers, these combined factors indicate three major forms of environmental degradation in the region—geodiversity degradation, ecological degradation and climatic degradation. Together, these changes were increasing the likelihood of extreme rainfall events, floods, erosion and other geohydrological hazards that can affect ecosystems, agriculture and human settlements.
The study emphasized the need for evidence-based planning and sustainable land management strategies in the environmentally sensitive Himalayan region. By integrating geospatial technologies with environmental data, the research provides a comprehensive framework that policymakers and planners can use to better understand environmental risks and develop climate adaptation strategies.
Nagaland University, is the 13th Central University and the only Central University in Nagaland. It was established based on the Act of Parliament of India and received the assent of the President of India on 20th October 1989 as The Nagaland University Act 1989. The University came into being on September 6, 1994 having jurisdiction over the entire state of Nagaland.
At present the University has three campuses, viz. (i) Headquarters at Lumami in Zunheboto district (ii) Kohima Campus at Meriema in Kohima district (iii) Medziphema Campus (School of Agricultural Sciences) at Medziphema in Dimapur district.
There are 43 departments offering Undergraduate and Postgraduate and Ph.D. programmes in different disciplines of Arts, Commerce, Sciences, Agricultural Sciences, Engineering & Technology and Management streams. There are 76 colleges from all over the state of Nagaland currently affiliated to Nagaland University.

(DIPR)